Influence of game and quarter results on external peak demands during games in under-18 years, male basketball players.

To quantify and compare the external peak demands (PD) encountered according to game result (win vs. loss), quarter result (win vs. tie vs. loss), and quarter point difference (± difference in score) in under-18 years (U18), male basketball players. Thirteen basketball players had external load variables monitored across 9 games using local positioning system technology, including distance covered, distance covered in different intensity zones, accelerations, decelerations, and PlayerLoad™. PD were calculated across 30-s, 1-min, and 5-min time windows for each variable. Linear mixed models were used to compare PD for each variable according to game result (win vs. loss), quarter result (win vs tie vs loss), and quarter point difference (high vs. low). External PD were comparable between games that were won and lost for all variables and between quarters that were won and lost for most variables (p > 0.05, trivial-small effects). In contrast, players produced higher (p < 0.05, small effects) 1-min high-speed running distance and 5-min PlayerLoadTM in quarters that were won compared to quarters that were lost. Additionally, high quarter point differences (7.51 ± 3.75 points) elicited greater (p < 0.05, small effects) external PD (30-s PlayerLoadTM, 30-s and 5-min decelerations, and 1-min and 5-min high-speed running distance) than low quarter point differences (-2.47 ± 2.67 points). External PD remain consistent (trivial-small effects) regardless of game result, quarter result, and quarter point difference in U18, male basketball players. Accordingly, external PD attained during games may not be a key indicator of team success.

Fluctuations in External Peak Demands Across Quarters During Basketball Games.

The purpose of this study was to compare external peak demands (PDs) across quarters (Q) in basketball. Thirteen elite, junior, male basketball players were monitored using electronic performance tracking systems. There were studied intervals for different time windows to determine the external PD for distance (m); player load; distance covered in four different zones; accelerations; and decelerations. A mixed linear model was run to identify differences among quarters, and the auto-correlation function was carried out to determine fluctuations across the whole game. The results showed significant differences between Q1 vs. Q2 for distance, player load, and standing-walking distance; between Q1 vs. Q3 for distance, player load, and HSR; between Q1 vs. Q4 for distance, player load, standing-walking, and HSR; and between Q3 vs. Q4 for distance and player load. These findings suggest that external PD for running-based demands (distance, player load, and high-speed running) decrease across basketball games with the most notable declines occurring between the first and fourth quarters. Nevertheless, it is important to note that non-significant differences were found between quarters for several external PD variables (jogging, running, acceleration, and deceleration) across different time windows. Findings from the present study reinforce the importance of considering specific PD variables for different functions due to the specific insight each provides.

Peak Match Demands in Young Basketball Players: Approach and Applications.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to describe the peak match demands and compare them with average demands in basketball players, from an external load point of view, using different time windows. Another objective is to determine whether there are differences between positions and to provide an approach for practical applications. METHODS: During this observational study, each player wore a micro technology device. We collected data from 12 male basketball players (mean ± SD: age 17.56 ± 0.67 years, height 196.17 ± 6.71 cm, body mass 90.83 ± 11.16 kg) during eight games. We analyzed intervals for different time windows using rolling averages (ROLL) to determine the peak match demands for Player Load. A separate one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify statistically significant differences between playing positions across different intense periods. RESULTS: Separate one-way ANOVAs revealed statistically significant differences between 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, and full game periods for Player Load, F (3,168) = 231.80, ηp2 = 0.76, large, p < 0.001. It is worth noting that guards produced a statistically significantly higher Player Load in 5 min (p < 0.01, ηp2 = -0.69, moderate), 10 min (p < 0.001, ηp2 = -0.90, moderate), and full game (p < 0.001, ηp2 = -0.96, moderate) periods than forwards. CONCLUSIONS: The main finding is that there are significant differences between the most intense moments of a game and the average demands. This means that understanding game demands using averages drastically underestimates the peak demands of the game. This approach helps coaches and fitness coaches to prepare athletes for the most demanding periods of the game and present potential practical applications that could be implemented during training and rehabilitation sessions.

A literature review on operational decisions applied to collaborative supply chains.

Throughout the last decades, collaborative schemes, under an amalgam of different acronyms (ECR, CPFR, VMR, etc.), have been developed to mitigate the problematic Bullwhip effect. Essentially, companies work together by either sharing information, making joint decisions, or sharing benefits to reach potential synergies. This work aims at reviewing these works through a systematic literature review process to investigate the different collaborative models from an operational perspective. A total of 92 articles have been classified into 3 categories: Information Exchange; Vendor Managed Replenishment; and Synchronized Supply Chain. For each category, we have identified the type of research, supply chain structures, forecasting models, demand characteristics, replenishment policies and assumptions employed in the considered articles. This article identifies the main results achieved and the gaps and opportunities to be developed as further research.

Monitoring and Interpreting External Load in Basketball: A Narrative Review / Monitoreo e Interpretación de la Carga Externa en el Baloncesto: Una Revisión Narrativa

External load monitoring brings valuable information to practitioners and coaches about the physical requirements of the activity developed by their players, according to their level of competition, age and gender. This information can be used to individualize training programs and to optimize the time invested in them, making coaches and players more efficient in the process. This review asses the results reflected in the existing bibliography about the measurements of external load in the sport of basketball, synthesizing them in one article for the scientific reader. Data from 29 scientific papers has been organized and discussed, providing relevant insights about the goals and findings, sample, measurement variables and technology for monitoring external load in basketball

La monitorización de la carga externa aporta información valiosa a los profesionales y entrenadores sobre los requisitos físicos de la actividad desarrollada por sus jugadores, de acuerdo con su nivel de competencia, edad y género. Esta información se puede utilizar para individualizar los programas de entrenamiento y optimizar el tiempo invertido en ellos, haciendo que los entrenadores y jugadores sean más eficientes en el proceso. Esta revisión evalúa los resultados reflejados en la bibliografía existente sobre las medidas de carga externa en el deporte del baloncesto, sintetizándolas en un artículo para el lector científico. Los datos de 29 artículos científicos se han organizado y discutido, proporcionando información relevante sobre los objetivos y hallazgos, muestra, variables de medición y tecnología para monitorizar la carga externa en el baloncesto

O monitoramento de carga externa traz informações valiosas para os praticantes e treinadores sobre as exigências físicas da atividade desenvolvida por seus jogadores, de acordo com seu nível de competição, idade e sexo. Essas informações podem ser usadas para individualizar programas de treinamento e otimizar o tempo investido neles, tornando treinadores e jogadores mais eficientes no processo. Esta revisão avalia os resultados refletidos na bibliografia existente sobre as medidas de carga externa no esporte de basquete, sintetizando-as em um artigo para o leitor científico. Dados de 29 trabalhos científicos foram organizados e discutidos, fornecendo insights relevantes sobre os objetivos e descobertas, amostra, variáveis de medição e tecnologia para monitorar a carga externa no basquete

Comparison of the Movement Characteristics Based on Position-Specific Between Semi-Elite and Elite Basketball Players / Comparación de las Características de Movimiento Basadas en la Posición Específica entre los Jugadores de Baloncesto Semi-elite y Elite / Comparação das características do movimento baseadas na posição específica entre jogadores de basquete semi-elite e elite

The aim of study is to comparison of the movement characteristics based on position-specific between world-class elite and semi-elite basketball players. 24 basketball players were selected from Spanish U18 semi-elite (Guards = 5; Forwards = 5; Centres = 2) and World-class elite basketball players (Guards = 5; Forwards = 4; Centres = 3), respectively. Physical demands were assessed using WIMU PRO Local Positioning System (Realtrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) during practices. The differences between Spanish U18 semi-elite and World-class elite basketball players from different position were tested by independent sample t-test. Our result showed that Spanish U18 semi-elite basketball players from all position, made more movement of acceleration and deceleration per average minutes than their counterpart World-class basketball players. Moreover, Spanish U18 guards have better performance in the performance profiles of g-force acceleration (ES = 0.88) and deceleration (ES = 0.98) than World-class guards, as the same results as Spanish U18 centres (g-force acceleration, ES = 0.44; and g-force deceleration, ES = 0.53). Conversely, World-class forwards have better performance in max acceleration (ES = 0.42) and deceleration (ES = 0.42) than Spanish U18 forwards. In conclusion, differences in distribution of accelerations and decelerations appeared between player positions, which would be of importance when monitoring training and game loads and when prescribing specific training exercises

El objetivo del estudio ha sido comparar las características de los movimientos realizados por los jugadores de baloncesto, de acuerdo a la posición específica de juego, en jugadores de élite y semi-élite. Se seleccionaron 24 jugadores de baloncesto semi-elite U18 (Bases = 5; Aleros = 5; Pivots = 2) y jugadores de élite de clase mundial (Bases = 5; Aleros = 4; Pivots = 3), respectivamente. Las demandas físicas se evaluaron utilizando el sistema de posicionamiento local WIMU PRO (Realtrack Systems, Almería, España) durante los entrenamientos. Para observar las diferencias entre los jugadores de baloncesto semi-elite U18 y de élite de clase mundial desde diferentes posiciones se utilizó la prueba t de muestra independiente. Los resultados mostraron que los jugadores de baloncesto semi-elite U18, independientemente de la posición de juego, hicieron más movimientos de aceleración y desaceleración por minuto promedio que los jugadores de baloncesto de clase mundial. Además, los bases U18 tuvieron un mejor rendimiento en los perfiles de rendimiento de aceleración de fuerza g (ES = 0.88) y desaceleración (ES = 0.98) que los bases de clase mundial, al igual que los pivots españoles U18 (g- aceleración de fuerza, ES = 0.44; y desaceleración de fuerza g, ES = 0.53). Por el contrario, los aleros de clase mundial tuvieron un mejor rendimiento en aceleración máxima (ES = 0.42) y desaceleración (ES = 0.42) que los aleros U18. En conclusión, aparecieron diferencias en la distribución de las aceleraciones y desaceleraciones entre las posiciones de los jugadores, lo que sería importante al monitorear el entrenamiento y las cargas del juego y al prescribir ejercicios de entrenamiento específicos

O objectivo do estudo foi o de comparar as características dos movimentos realizados pelos jogadores de basquetebol, de acordo com a posição de reprodução em reprodutores de elite e semi-elite. Foram selecionados 24 jogadores de basquete sub-elite de sub-18 (Armadores = 5; Alas = 5; Pivôs = 2) e jogadores de elite da classe mundial (Armadores = 5; Alas = 4; Pivôs = 3), respectivamente. As demandas físicas foram avaliadas usando o sistema de posicionamento local WIMU PRO (Realtrack Systems, Almería, Espanha) durante o treinamento. Para observar as diferenças entre os jogadores de basquete semi-elite e elite de basquete de classe mundial de diferentes posições, foi utilizado o teste t de amostra independente. Os resultados mostraram que os jogadores de basquete Sub-18 semi-elite, independentemente da posição de jugego, fez mais movimentos de aceleração e desaceleração por classe média minuto mundo jogadores de basquete. Além disso, as armadores U18 tiveram melhor desempenho nos perfis de aceleração da força g (ES = 0,88) e desaceleração (ES = 0,98) do que as bases de classe mundial, assim como os pivôs espanhóis da U18 ( g- aceleração da força, ES = 0,44; e desaceleração da força g, ES = 0, 53). Pelo contrário, a classe alas mundo realizado melhor em aceleração máxima (ES = 0 .42) e desaceleração (ES = 0 0,42) do que beirais U18. Em conclusão, eles apareceram diferenças na distribuição de acelerações e desacelerações entre as posições dos jogadores, seria importante para monitorar treinamento e jogo carrega e ao prescrever exercícios específicos de formação

Adaptive controller for single-link flexible manipulators based on algebraic identification and generalized proportional integral control.

In this paper, we propose a fast online closed-loop identification method combined with an output-feedback controller of the generalized proportional integral (GPI) type for the control of an uncertain flexible robotic arm with unknown mass at the tip, including a Coulomb friction term in the motor dynamics. A fast nonasymptotic algebraic identification method developed in continuous time is used to identify the unknown system parameter and update the designed certainty equivalence GPI controller. In order to verify this method, several informative simulations and experiments are shown.